protocolbuffers/protobuf

Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format

C++★ 71,961+18 that day#10 on trending

Analyzed September 3, 2026 at 065d6fa (main) with jscpd 5.4.0 in 12.2s.

17.9%duplicated code · 126,185 of 704,848 lines

4,868clones in code

1,734code files of 2,779 scanned

37.81%duplicated over all files · 19,753 clones

The code number leaves out tests, fixtures, docs, examples, data files, styles, translations and vendored code, and 238 generated files: ci/push_auto_update.sh, compatibility/smoke/v21.12/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v25.8/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v26.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v3.0.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v3.11.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v3.19.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v3.20.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v3.8.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, compatibility/smoke/v32.1/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java, csharp/src/AddressBook/Addressbook.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Conformance/Conformance.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/JsonEnumvalCustomString.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/MapUnittestProto3.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/Nrt.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/OldExtensions1.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/OldExtensions2.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/TestMessagesEdition2023.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/TestMessagesEditionUnstable.pb.cs, csharp/src/Google.Protobuf.Test.TestProtos/TestMessagesProto2.pb.cs and 218 more.

Largest clones in the code

8844 lines in 2 placesc-header87,580 tokens

php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.h:7082–15925ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.h:7339–16182

7082#ifndef UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_H_
7083#define UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_H_
7084
7085// IWYU pragma: begin_exports
7086
7087// IWYU pragma: private, include "upb/reflection/def.h"
7088
7089#ifndef UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_POOL_H_
7090#define UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_POOL_H_
7091

First 10 of 8844 lines.

13445 lines in 2 placesc86,741 tokens

php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:3847–17291ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.c:2598–16044

3847                        sizeof(descriptor_google_protobuf_json_enumvalue_options_proto_upbdefinit)),
3848};
3849
3850
3851#include <errno.h>
3852#include <float.h>
3853#include <stdarg.h>
3854#include <stdlib.h>
3855#include <string.h>
3856

2598  1,
2599};
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604#include <errno.h>
2605#include <float.h>
2606#include <stdarg.h>
2607#include <stdlib.h>

First 10 of 13445 lines, the second copy on the right.

7080 lines in 2 placesc-header45,129 tokens

php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.h:1–7080ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.h:1–7080

1/* Amalgamated source file */
2
3/*
4 * This is where we define internal portability macros used across upb.
5 *
6 * All of these macros are undef'd in undef.inc to avoid leaking them to users.
7 *
8 * The correct usage is:
9 *
10 *   #include "upb/foobar.h"

First 10 of 7080 lines.

7 more

2526 lines in 2 placesc22,264 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:4–2529 ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.c:4–2530
2580 lines in 2 placesc15,874 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:17287–19866 ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.c:16750–19329
1588 lines in 2 placesc12,990 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:4877–6464 upb/json/decode.c:42–1629
2472 lines in 2 placesc-header12,409 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.h:16470–18941 ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.h:16184–18655
35 lines in 8 placesjava1,649 tokens
ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/RubyDescriptor.java:1–35 ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/RubyDescriptorPool.java:1–35 ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/RubyEnum.java:1–35 ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/RubyMap.java:1–35 ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/RubyMessage.java:1–35and 3 more
1335 lines in 2 placesc8,368 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:17310–18644 upb/wire/decode.c:61–1395
942 lines in 2 placesc7,610 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:3916–4857 upb/hash/common.c:30–971

Largest clones over all files, tests and data included

7686 lines in 2 placesjava110,605 tokens

compatibility/smoke/v3.19.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java:15366–23051compatibility/smoke/v3.20.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java:15388–23073

15366 * @return The optionalNestedEnum.
15367 */
15368@java.lang.Override
15369public legacy_gencode_test.proto3.Proto3GencodeTestProto.TestMostTypesProto3.NestedEnum
15370    getOptionalNestedEnum() {
15371  @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
15372  legacy_gencode_test.proto3.Proto3GencodeTestProto.TestMostTypesProto3.NestedEnum result =
15373      legacy_gencode_test.proto3.Proto3GencodeTestProto.TestMostTypesProto3.NestedEnum
15374          .valueOf(optionalNestedEnum_);
15375  return result == null

First 10 of 7686 lines.

8844 lines in 2 placesc-header87,580 tokens

php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.h:7082–15925ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.h:7339–16182

7082#ifndef UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_H_
7083#define UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_H_
7084
7085// IWYU pragma: begin_exports
7086
7087// IWYU pragma: private, include "upb/reflection/def.h"
7088
7089#ifndef UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_POOL_H_
7090#define UPB_REFLECTION_DEF_POOL_H_
7091

First 10 of 8844 lines.

13445 lines in 2 placesc86,741 tokens

php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.c:3847–17291ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/ruby-upb.c:2598–16044

3847                        sizeof(descriptor_google_protobuf_json_enumvalue_options_proto_upbdefinit)),
3848};
3849
3850
3851#include <errno.h>
3852#include <float.h>
3853#include <stdarg.h>
3854#include <stdlib.h>
3855#include <string.h>
3856

2598  1,
2599};
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604#include <errno.h>
2605#include <float.h>
2606#include <stdarg.h>
2607#include <stdlib.h>

First 10 of 13445 lines, the second copy on the right.

5536 lines in 2 placesjava85,815 tokens
compatibility/smoke/v3.11.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java:15118–20653 compatibility/smoke/v3.19.0/legacy_gencode_test/proto3/Proto3GencodeTestProto.java:15522–21057
8151 lines in 2 placesc-header83,689 tokens
php/ext/google/protobuf/php-upb.h:7128–15278 upb/reflection/cmake/google/protobuf/descriptor.upb.h:18–8167

By format, code only

Format	Files	Lines	Clones	Duplicated lines	Duplication
cpp	479	271,465	1,840	22,772	8.39%
objectivec	40	47,005	912	12,674	26.96%
c-header	536	143,388	783	36,247	25.28%
java	152	65,536	747	9,220	14.07%
c	120	86,912	229	36,426	41.91%
csharp	172	41,725	216	6,887	16.51%
python	52	19,339	47	727	3.76%
php	35	7,087	42	524	7.39%
rust	61	11,359	27	363	3.2%
ruby	26	4,414	8	80	1.81%

By format, all files

Format	Files	Lines	Clones	Duplicated lines	Duplication
java	278	341,402	6,070	222,663	65.22%
csharp	217	158,560	4,068	89,403	56.38%
cpp	521	309,499	2,763	31,442	10.16%
c-header	578	188,083	2,570	66,123	35.16%
objectivec	56	69,808	2,305	27,552	39.47%
php	151	33,269	889	10,445	31.4%
protobuf	286	50,420	438	19,625	38.92%
c	125	88,972	250	38,351	43.1%
python	99	45,094	95	1,244	2.76%
yaml	27	3,122	71	749	23.99%

Trending appearances

Day	Rank	Stars	Files	Lines	Clones	All files	Code	Health	Commit
Sep 3, 2026	#10	71,961 (+18)	2,779	1,352,227	19,753	37.81%	17.9%	—	`065d6fa`

Want this for your own project? Install jscpd and run jscpd ., or measure it the way the baselines were measured.